Article Sidebar

Submitted
August 2, 2023
Published
August 3, 2023
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 101 Download : 54

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Main Article Content

Abstract

The flow around NACA 0008 airfoil was investigated computationally at two very low values of Reynolds numbers 2000 and 6000 and for various angles of attack 0 to 8°. The flow being laminar it was seen to separate at very small angles of attack. Due to large viscous effects the pressure recovery at the trailing edge is poorer as compared to the high Reynolds number case leading to lower values of lift coefficient Cl, higher values of drag coefficient Cd, and lower values of (Cl/Cd). The wake flow exhibits similarity behaviour similar to that in high Reynolds number flat-plate wake. The quantitative validity of the boundary layer equations in a limited range of parameters is ascertained.

Keywords

Airfoil, Low Reynolds number flows, Flow separation, Boundary layer, Lift coefficient, Wake similarity, Pressure recovery

Article Details

How to Cite
Pranesh, C., Sivapragasam, M., & Deshpande, M. D. (2023). Aerodynamic Characteristics of Flow Past Naca 0008 Airfoil at Very Low Reynolds Numbers. Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technologies, 66(4), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.61653/joast.v66i4.2014.459
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Hylton, T., "DARPA Nano Air Vehicle Program", Fact Sheet, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, 2008.
  2. Carmichael, B. H., "Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Survey: Volume I", NASA CR 165803, 1981.
  3. Lissaman, P. B. S., "Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils", Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol.15, pp.223-239, 1983.
  4. Mueller, T. J. and DeLaurier, J. D., "Aerodynamics of Small Vehicles", Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol.35, pp.89-111, 2003.
  5. Shyy, W., Lian, Y., Tang, J., Viieru, D. and Liu, H., "Aerodynamics of Low Reynolds Number Flyers", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2008.
  6. Abbott, I. H. and von Doenhoff, A. E., "Theory of Wing Sections: Including a Summary of Airfoil Data", Dover, New York, 1959.
  7. Schmitz, F. W., "Aerodynamics of Model Aircraft Wing Measurements. Part I, Airfoil Measurements", NASA TM-X 60976, 1967.
  8. Althaus, D., "Profilpolaren für den Modellflug", Neckar-Verlag VS-Villingen, 1980.
  9. Althaus D. and Wortmann F. X., "Stuttgarter Profilkatalog I", Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1981.
  10. Althaus, D., "Auszug aus dem Stuttgarter Profilkatalog I", Institut für Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik, Stuttgart, 1996.
  11. Selig, M. S., Guglielmo, J. J., Broeren, A. P. and Giguère, P., "Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data, Volume 1", SoarTech Publications, Virginia Beach, VA, 1995.
  12. Selig, M. S., Lyon, C. A., Giguère, P., Ninham, C. N. and Guglielmo, J. J., "Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data", Volume 2, SoarTech Publications, Virginia Beach, VA, 1996.
  13. Lyon, C. A., Broeren, A. P., Giguère, P., Gopalarathnam, A. and Selig, M.S., "Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data, Volume 3", SoarTech Publications, Virginia Beach, VA, 1998.
  14. Selig, M. S. and McGranahan, B. D., "Wind Tunnel Aerodynamic Tests of Six Airfoils for Use on Small Wind Turbines", National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/SR-500-34515, 2004.
  15. Williamson, G. A., McGranahan, B. D, Broughton, B. A., Deters, R. W., Brandt, J. B. and Selig, M. S., "Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data, Volume 5", SoarTech Publications, Virginia Beach, VA, 2012.
  16. Nair, M. T. and Sengupta, T. K., "Orthogonal Grid Generation for Navier-Stokes Computations", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, Vol.28, pp.215-224, 1998.
  17. Celik, I. B., Ghia, U., Roache, P. J., Freitas, C. J., Coleman, H. and Raad, P. E., "Procedure for Estimation and Reporting of Uncertainty due to Discretization in CFD Applications", J. Fluids Eng., Vol.130, 078001, 2008.
  18. Kunz, P. J. and Kroo, I. M., "Analysis, Design, and Testing of Airfoils for Use at Ultra-Low Reynolds Numbers", in "Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications", edited by T. J. Mueller, Vol.195, Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2001.
  19. Kunz, P. J., "Aerodynamics and Design for Ultra- Low Reynolds Number Flight", Ph. D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, 2003.
  20. Abdo, M. and Mateescu, D., "Low-Reynolds Number Aerodynamics of Airfoils at Incidence", AIAA 2005-1038, 2005.
  21. Mateescu, D. and Abdo, M., "Analysis of Flows Past Airfoils at very Low Reynolds Numbers", Proc. IMechE, Part G: J. Aerospace Eng., Vol.224, pp.757- 775, 2010.
  22. Abdo, M., "Theoretical and Computational Analysis of Airfoils in Steady and Unsteady Flows", Ph. D. Thesis, McGill University, Quebec, 2004.
  23. Deperrois, A., "XFLR5: Analysis of Foils and Wings Operating at Low Reynolds Numbers", Available at http://www.xflr5.com
  24. Drela, M. and Youngren, H., "XFOIL: Subsonic Airfoil Development System", Available at http://www.web.mit.edu/drela/Public/web/xfoil/
  25. Drela, M., "XFOIL: An Analysis and Design System for Low Reynolds Number Airfoils", Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics, Lecture Notes in Engineering 54, Springer-Verlag, 1989.
  26. McCullough, G. B., "The Effect of Reynolds Number on the Stalling Characteristics and Pressure Distributions of Four Moderately Thin Airfoil Sections", NACA TN-3524, 1955.
  27. White, F. M., Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2008.
  28. White, F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 2006.
  29. Lombardi, G., Salvetti, M. V. and Pinelli, D., "Numerical Evaluation of Airfoil Friction Drag", J. Aircraft, Vol.37, No.2, pp. 54-356, 2000.
  30. Anderson, J. D., Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2010.
  31. Shankar, P. N., "Slow Viscous Flows: Qualitative Features and Quantitative Analysis using Complex Eigenfunction Expansions", Imperial College Press, London, 2007.
  32. Gaster, M., "The Structure and Behaviour of Laminar Separation Bubbles", Aeronautical Research Council, R & M No.3595, 1969.
  33. Tani, I., "Low-Speed Flows involving Bubble Separations", Prog. Aero. Sci., Vol.5, pp.70-103, 1964.
  34. Schlichting, H., Boundary-Layer Theory, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
  35. Schlichting, H. and Gersten, K., Boundary-Layer Theory, Eighth Edition, Springer, New Delhi, 2000.
  36. Thom, A. and Swart, P., "The Forces on an Aerofoil at Very Low Speeds", J. Roy. Aero. Soc., Vol.44, pp.761-770, 1940.
  37. Kroo, I. M., Applied Aerodynamics: A Digital Textbook, Desktop Aeronautics Inc., 2007.
  38. McMasters, J. H. and Henderson, M. L., "Low Speed Single Element Airfoil Synthesis", Tech. Soaring, Vol.2, No.2, pp.1-21, 1980.
  39. Mueller, T. J., "Aerodynamic Measurements at Low Reynolds Numbers for Fixed Wing Micro-Air Vehicles", Development and Operation of UAVs for Military and Civil Applications, RTO EN-9, 1999.
  40. Sunada, S., Sakaguchi, A. and Kawachi, K., "Airfoil Section Characteristics at a Low Reynolds Number", J. Fluids Eng., Vol.119, pp.129-135, 1997.
  41. Hazra, S. B. and Jameson, A., "Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Airfoils in Ultra-Low Reynolds Number Flow using Simultaneous Pseudo-Time Stepping", Aerospace Computing Lab Report, No.2007-4, Stanford University, Stanford, 2007.
  42. Srinath, D. N. and Mittal, S., "Optimal Airfoil Shapes for Low Reynolds Number Flows", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, Vol.61, pp.355-381, 2009.
  43. Yagi, H. and Kawahara, M., "Optimal Shape Determination of a Body Located in Incompressible Viscous Fluid Flow", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., Vol.196, pp.5084-5091, 2007.
  44. Sakamoto, M. and Kawahara, M., "Shape Optimization of a Body located in Incompressible Flow using Adjoint Method and Partial Control Algorithm", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, Vol.67, pp.1702-1719, 2011.
  45. Pironneau, O., "On Optimum Profiles in Stokes Flow", J. Fluid Mech., Vol.59, pp.117-128, 1973.
  46. Laitone, E. V., "Wind Tunnel Tests of Wings at Reynolds Numbers Below 70000", Exp. Fluids, Vol.23, pp.405-409, 1997.
  47. Mueller, T. J. and Batill, S. M., "Experimental Studies of Separation on a Two-Dimensional Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers", AIAA J., Vol.20, No.4, pp.457-463, 1982.
  48. Yonemoto, K., Takato, K., Ochi, H. and Fujie, S., "Kutta Condition Violation in Two-Dimensional NACA0012 Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers", AIAA 2008-6399, 2008.