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Abstract
Use of spike on a hemispherical body changes the flow field and hence the aerodynamic drag. Experimental and computational studies have been made to obtain the flow field around a hemispherical body with spikes at a supersonic Mach number of 2. The effect of shape of spike tip and length has been studied. Experiments consisted of shadowgraph flow visualisation and measurement of drag. Computations have been made adopting structured grid and k-ω turbulence model using commercial software Fluent. It is observed that use of a sharp spike itself reduces the drag significantly. However the use of a hemispherical head spike further reduces the drag. Contribution of different components towards drag indicate that the increase in length of a spike do not change the spike contribution. However the flow field on main body is altered which leads to reduction in drag with change in length. Estimated drag generally found to be higher in comparison to measured value, however the trend is almost similar.
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References
- Crawford, D. H., "Investigation of Flow Over a Spiked Nose Hemisphere-cylinder at Mach Number of 6.8", NASA-TN-D-118,1959.
- Wood, C. J., "Hypersonic Flow Over Spiked Cones", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 12, 1961, pp.614-627.
- Maull, D. J., "Hypersonic Flow Over Axially Symmetric Spiked Bodies", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.8, 1960, pp.584-592.
- Mehta, R. C., "Numerical Simulation of Self-Sustained Oscillations Over Spiked Blunt-Bodies", AIAA-2001-0262.
- Menezes, V., Saravanan, S., Jagadeesh, G. and Reddy, K. P. J., "Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Using Aerospikes for Large Angle Blunt Cone Flying at Hypersonic Mach Number", AIAA-2002-2709.
- Menezes, V., Saravanan, S. and Reddy, K. P. J., "Shock Tunnel Study of Spiked Aerodynamic Bodies Flying at Hypersonic Mach Numbers", Shock Waves, 2002,12:197-204.
- Jagadeesh, G., Viren, M., Reddy, K. P. J., Hashimoto, T., Sun, M. and Takayama, K., "Hypersonic Buzz Phenomenon in the Spiked Blunt Cones", AIAA-2003-284.
- Asif, M., Zahir, S., Kamran, N. and Khan, M. A., "Computational Investigations Aerodynamic Forces at Supersonic/ Hypersonic Flow Past a Blunt Body with Various Forward Facing Spikes", AIAA-2004-5189.
- Kalimuthu, R., Mehta, R. C. and Rathakrishnan, E., "Experimental Investigation on Spiked Body in Hypersonic Flow", The Aeronautical Journal, Paper No.3227, Vol.112, No.1136, October, 2008, pp.593-598.
- Kalimuthu, R. and Rathakrishnan, E., "Aerospike for Drag Reduction in Hypersonic Flow", AIAA-2008-4707.
- Gauer, M. and Paull, A., "Numerical Investigation of Spiked Blunt Nose Cone at Hypersonic Speeds", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.45, No.3, May-June, 2008, pp.459-471.
- Roveda, R., "Benchmark CFD Study of Spiked Blunt Body Configurations", AIAA-2009-367.
- Panaras, A. G. and Drikakis, D., "High-speed Unsteady Flows Around Spiked-blunt Bodies", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2009, Vol.632, 2009, pp. 69-96.
- Mehta, R. C., "Numerical Simulation of the Flow Field Over Conical, Disc and Flat Spiked Body at Mach 6", The Aeronautical Journal, Vol.114, No.1154, April, 2010, pp.225-236.
- Kalimuthu, R., Mehta, R. C. and Rathakrishnan, E., "Drag Reduction for Spike Attached to Blunt-nosed Body at Mach 6", Engineering Notes, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.47, No.1, Jan-Feb, 2010, pp.219-222.
- Gerdroodbary, M. B. and Hosseinalipour, S. M., "Numerical Simulation of Hypersonic Flow Over Highly Blunted Cones with Spike", Acta Astronautica, Vol.67, 2010, pp.180-193.
- d’Humières, G. and Stollery, J. L., "Drag Reduction on a Spiked Body at Hypersonic Speed", The Aeronautical Journal, Paper No. 3482, Vol.114, No.1152, February, 2010, pp.113-119.
- Ahmed, M. Y. M. and Qin, N., "Drag Reduction Using Aerodisks for Hypersonic Hemispherical Bodies", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.47, No.1, Jan-Feb, 2010, pp.62-80.
- Ahmed, M. Y. M. and Qin, N., "Recent Advances in the Aerothermodynamics of Spiked Hypersonic Vehicles", Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 47, 2011, pp.425-449.
- Zorea, C. and Rom, J., "Effect of a Spike on the Drag and on the Aerodynamic Stability of Blunt Bodies in Supersonic Flow", Engineering Notes, Journal of Spacecraft, Vol.7, No.8, August, 1970, pp.1017-1019.
- Hutt, G.R. and Howe, A. J., "Forward Facing Spike Effects on Bodies of Different Cross Section in Supersonic Flow", Aeronautical Journal, Vol.93, No.926, July, 1989, pp.229-234.
- Yamauchi, M., Fujii, K., Tamura, Y. and Higashino, F., "Numerical Investigation of Supersonic Flows Around a Spiked Blunt-Body", AIAA-1993-0887.
- Yamauchi, M., Fujii, K. and Higashino, F., "Numerical Investigation of Supersonic Flow Around a Spiked Blunt Body", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.32, No.1, Jan-Feb, 1995, pp.32-42.
- Mehta, R. C. and Jayachandran, T., "Navier-Stokes Solution for a Heat Shield with and without a Forward Facing Spike", Computers and Fluids, Vol.26, No.7, 1997, pp.741-754.
- Milicev, S. S., Pavlovic, M. D., Ristic, S. and Vitic, A., "On the Influence of Spike Shape at Supersonic Flow Past Blunt Bodies", Mechanics, Automatic Control and Robotics, Vol.3, No.12, 2002, pp.371-382.
- Milicev, S. S. and Pavlovic, D. M., "Influence of Spike Shape at Supersonic Flow Past Blunt Nosed Bodies: Experimental Study", AIAA Journal, Vol.40, No.5, 2002, pp.1018-1020.
- Srulijes, J., Gnemmi, P., Runne, K. and Seiler, F., "High Pressure Shock Tunnel Experiments and CFD Calculations on Spike-tipped Blunt Bodies", AIAA-2002-2918.
- Feszty, D., Badcock, K. J. and Richards, B. E., "Driving Mechanism of High-speed Unsteady Spiked Body Flows, Part 1: Pulsation Mode", AIAA Journal, Vol.42, No.1, January, 2004, pp.95-106.
- White, J. T., "Application of Navier-Stokes Flow-field Analysis to the Aerothermodynamic Design of an Aerospike-configured Missile", AIAA-1993-0968.
References
Crawford, D. H., "Investigation of Flow Over a Spiked Nose Hemisphere-cylinder at Mach Number of 6.8", NASA-TN-D-118,1959.
Wood, C. J., "Hypersonic Flow Over Spiked Cones", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 12, 1961, pp.614-627.
Maull, D. J., "Hypersonic Flow Over Axially Symmetric Spiked Bodies", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.8, 1960, pp.584-592.
Mehta, R. C., "Numerical Simulation of Self-Sustained Oscillations Over Spiked Blunt-Bodies", AIAA-2001-0262.
Menezes, V., Saravanan, S., Jagadeesh, G. and Reddy, K. P. J., "Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Using Aerospikes for Large Angle Blunt Cone Flying at Hypersonic Mach Number", AIAA-2002-2709.
Menezes, V., Saravanan, S. and Reddy, K. P. J., "Shock Tunnel Study of Spiked Aerodynamic Bodies Flying at Hypersonic Mach Numbers", Shock Waves, 2002,12:197-204.
Jagadeesh, G., Viren, M., Reddy, K. P. J., Hashimoto, T., Sun, M. and Takayama, K., "Hypersonic Buzz Phenomenon in the Spiked Blunt Cones", AIAA-2003-284.
Asif, M., Zahir, S., Kamran, N. and Khan, M. A., "Computational Investigations Aerodynamic Forces at Supersonic/ Hypersonic Flow Past a Blunt Body with Various Forward Facing Spikes", AIAA-2004-5189.
Kalimuthu, R., Mehta, R. C. and Rathakrishnan, E., "Experimental Investigation on Spiked Body in Hypersonic Flow", The Aeronautical Journal, Paper No.3227, Vol.112, No.1136, October, 2008, pp.593-598.
Kalimuthu, R. and Rathakrishnan, E., "Aerospike for Drag Reduction in Hypersonic Flow", AIAA-2008-4707.
Gauer, M. and Paull, A., "Numerical Investigation of Spiked Blunt Nose Cone at Hypersonic Speeds", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.45, No.3, May-June, 2008, pp.459-471.
Roveda, R., "Benchmark CFD Study of Spiked Blunt Body Configurations", AIAA-2009-367.
Panaras, A. G. and Drikakis, D., "High-speed Unsteady Flows Around Spiked-blunt Bodies", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2009, Vol.632, 2009, pp. 69-96.
Mehta, R. C., "Numerical Simulation of the Flow Field Over Conical, Disc and Flat Spiked Body at Mach 6", The Aeronautical Journal, Vol.114, No.1154, April, 2010, pp.225-236.
Kalimuthu, R., Mehta, R. C. and Rathakrishnan, E., "Drag Reduction for Spike Attached to Blunt-nosed Body at Mach 6", Engineering Notes, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.47, No.1, Jan-Feb, 2010, pp.219-222.
Gerdroodbary, M. B. and Hosseinalipour, S. M., "Numerical Simulation of Hypersonic Flow Over Highly Blunted Cones with Spike", Acta Astronautica, Vol.67, 2010, pp.180-193.
d’Humières, G. and Stollery, J. L., "Drag Reduction on a Spiked Body at Hypersonic Speed", The Aeronautical Journal, Paper No. 3482, Vol.114, No.1152, February, 2010, pp.113-119.
Ahmed, M. Y. M. and Qin, N., "Drag Reduction Using Aerodisks for Hypersonic Hemispherical Bodies", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.47, No.1, Jan-Feb, 2010, pp.62-80.
Ahmed, M. Y. M. and Qin, N., "Recent Advances in the Aerothermodynamics of Spiked Hypersonic Vehicles", Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 47, 2011, pp.425-449.
Zorea, C. and Rom, J., "Effect of a Spike on the Drag and on the Aerodynamic Stability of Blunt Bodies in Supersonic Flow", Engineering Notes, Journal of Spacecraft, Vol.7, No.8, August, 1970, pp.1017-1019.
Hutt, G.R. and Howe, A. J., "Forward Facing Spike Effects on Bodies of Different Cross Section in Supersonic Flow", Aeronautical Journal, Vol.93, No.926, July, 1989, pp.229-234.
Yamauchi, M., Fujii, K., Tamura, Y. and Higashino, F., "Numerical Investigation of Supersonic Flows Around a Spiked Blunt-Body", AIAA-1993-0887.
Yamauchi, M., Fujii, K. and Higashino, F., "Numerical Investigation of Supersonic Flow Around a Spiked Blunt Body", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.32, No.1, Jan-Feb, 1995, pp.32-42.
Mehta, R. C. and Jayachandran, T., "Navier-Stokes Solution for a Heat Shield with and without a Forward Facing Spike", Computers and Fluids, Vol.26, No.7, 1997, pp.741-754.
Milicev, S. S., Pavlovic, M. D., Ristic, S. and Vitic, A., "On the Influence of Spike Shape at Supersonic Flow Past Blunt Bodies", Mechanics, Automatic Control and Robotics, Vol.3, No.12, 2002, pp.371-382.
Milicev, S. S. and Pavlovic, D. M., "Influence of Spike Shape at Supersonic Flow Past Blunt Nosed Bodies: Experimental Study", AIAA Journal, Vol.40, No.5, 2002, pp.1018-1020.
Srulijes, J., Gnemmi, P., Runne, K. and Seiler, F., "High Pressure Shock Tunnel Experiments and CFD Calculations on Spike-tipped Blunt Bodies", AIAA-2002-2918.
Feszty, D., Badcock, K. J. and Richards, B. E., "Driving Mechanism of High-speed Unsteady Spiked Body Flows, Part 1: Pulsation Mode", AIAA Journal, Vol.42, No.1, January, 2004, pp.95-106.
White, J. T., "Application of Navier-Stokes Flow-field Analysis to the Aerothermodynamic Design of an Aerospike-configured Missile", AIAA-1993-0968.