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Abstract
Aluminised PBX formulations were processed and evaluated for metal acceleration properties in terms of plate dent and shaped charge jet penetration. The formulation, RDX/HTPB (85/15) is processed and evaluated as control. The effect aluminium powder (Al) content on the metal acceleration ability of aluminized PBX formulations in terms of depth of the dent obtained in the plate dent test is studied. The depth of the dent is measure of explosive power in terms of brisance or CJ detonation pressure. Plate dent test for TNT charges of same dimensions were carried out to determine relative detonation pressure of the PBX formulations. The depth of dent recorded by cast TNT charges are taken as reference corresponds to the detonation pressure 20.0 GPa. The relative detonation pressure estimated for control PBX is comparable with literature values. The estimated relative detonation pressure is validated by using different empirical approaches like Cooper, Cook, Kamlet-Jacobs etc.
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References
- Anderson E., "Explosive. Ch. 2", Carleone, J., (Editor), Progr. Astronaut. Aeronaut., Vol.155, Tactical Missile Warhead, Amer. Inst. of Aeronautic and Astronautic, Washington, 1993.
- Vadhe, P.P, Pawar, R.B., Sinha, R.K., Asthana, S.N. and Rao, A.S., "Cast Aluminized Explosives (Review)", Combust., Explos. Shock Waves (Engl. Transl.), Vol.44, No.4, 2008, pp.461-477.
- Persson, P.A. and Chiapetta, R.F., "Shock Waves and Detonations, Explosive Performance", Ch.4, Proceedings of NIXT94-Pretoria, 1994, pp.517-566.
- Coleburn, N.L., "Chapman-Jouget Pressure of Several Pure and Mixed Explosive", NOLTR-64-58, 25 June 1964.
- Yadav, H.S. and Kamath, P.V., "Shock Velocity Measurement in Water by Sulfur Probes", Propellant, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.11, 1986, pp.150-154.
- Cooper, P.W., "Comments on TNT Equivalence", 20th International Pyrotechnics Seminar, Colorado Spring, Colorado, July 24-29, 1994.
- Weinheimer, R., "Properties of Selected High Explosives", 2015. http://www.psemc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Properties-Selected-High-Explosives.pdf
- Smith, L.C., "On Brisance, and a Plate Denting Test for the Estimation of Detonation Pressure", Explosivestoffe, Vol.5, 1967, pp.106-110.
- Ralph Kent., "Cast PBX B2238 for Small Calibre High Performance Insensitive Munitions", Propellant, Explosives Pyrotechnics, Vol. 22, Issue 2, April 1997, pp. 65-70.
- Jing, P. Lu., "Evaluation of the Thermochemical Code - Cheetah 2.0 for Modelling Explosives Performance", Weapons Systems Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, DSTO-TR-1199, August, 2001.
- Hall, T.N. and Holden, J.R., "Navy Explosives Handbook, Explosion Effects and Properties - Part III. Properties of Explosives and Explosive Compositions", Research and Technology Department, NSWC MP 88-116, October 1988.
- Zhous, Z.Q., Nie, J.X., Ou, Z.C., Qin, J.F. and Jiao, Q.J., "Effects of the Aluminium Content on the Shock Wave Pressure and the Acceleration Ability of RDX-based Aluminized Explosives", Journal of Applied Physics, 116, 2014, 144906.
- Vadhe, P.P., Gogai, H.K., Suresh, M., Rahujade, N.H., Prasad, U.S., Sinha, R.K. and Murthy, K.P.S., "Effect of Tungsten Content on Metal Acceleration Properties of Polymer Bonded Explosive Formulations", 11th International High Energy Materials Conference and Exhibits, HEMCE-2017, November 23-25, India, 2017.
- Vinay Prakash., Phadke, V. K., Sinha, R. K. and Singh, H., "Influence of Al on Performance of HTPB Based Aluminised PBXs", Defense Science Journal, Vol.54, No.4, 2004, pp.475- 482.
- Matsumoto, N., Sakata, N., Natsubori, M. and Miyoshi, H., "Characterization of Plastic Bonded Explosives Containing NTO Using KHT Code and Explosion Tests", Proc. 25th International Conference, ICT, 1994, pp.39/1-39/10.
- Kamlet, M.J. and Jacobs, S.J., "Chemistry of Detonations I. A Simple Method Calculating Detonation Properties of C-H-N-O explosives", Journal of Chem. Phys., Vol.48, Issue 1, 1968, pp.23-35.
- Cook, M.A., "The Science of High Explosives, American Chemical Society Monograph Series", Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, USA, 1958, ISBN 9780278922839.
- Keshavarz, M.H., Mofrad, R.T., Poor, K.E., Shokrollahi Zali, A. and Yousefi, M.H., "Determination of Performance of Non-ideal Aluminized Explosives", Journal of Hazardous Materials, A137, 2006, pp.83-87.
- Lu, J.P., Dorsett, H.E., Franson, M.D. and Cliff, M.D., "Near-field Performance Evaluation of Alex Effect in Metallised Explosives", DSTO-TR-1542, DSTO Systems Sciences Laboratory, Australia, 2003.
- Vadhe, P.P., Suresh, M., Rahujade, N., Kondra, A., Prasad, U.S. and Sinha, R.K., "Studies on Tungsten Based High Density Cast Polymer Bonded Explosive (PBX) Formulations", Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol.12, No.3, 2015, pp.497-506.
- Tingen, W., Derun, L. and Junpei, X., "Detonation Pressure Analysis of CHNO Explosives", Proceedings of the 3rd Beijing International Symposium on Pyrotechnics and Explosives, 1995, pp.426-431.
- Zhang, Q. and Chang, Y., "Prediction of Detonation Pressure and Velocity of Explosives with Micrometer Aluminium Powders", Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol.9, No.1, 2012, pp.77-86.
- Niles, J., Nicolich, S., Williamson, B., Doll, D., Rasmussen, N., Bradley, S. and Bracken, L., "Mitigating Shaped Charge Jet Impact", International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion, 01/2007, 6 (3), pp.323-333. doi:10.1615/Int. J. Energetic Materials Chem Prop.v6.i3.40.
- Niles, J., Nicolich, S., Williamson, B., Daniel, D., Rasmussen, N., Bradley, S. and Bracken, L., "Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Symposium", Event No.5550, November 14-17, 2004, Hilton, San Francisco, USA. http://proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/niles.pdf
- Capellos, C., Baker, E.L., Nicolich, S., Balas, W., Pincay, J. and Stiel, L.I., "Eigenvalue Detonation of Combined Effects Aluminized Explosives", AIP Conference Proceedings 955, 2007, pp.357-360. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2833055
References
Anderson E., "Explosive. Ch. 2", Carleone, J., (Editor), Progr. Astronaut. Aeronaut., Vol.155, Tactical Missile Warhead, Amer. Inst. of Aeronautic and Astronautic, Washington, 1993.
Vadhe, P.P, Pawar, R.B., Sinha, R.K., Asthana, S.N. and Rao, A.S., "Cast Aluminized Explosives (Review)", Combust., Explos. Shock Waves (Engl. Transl.), Vol.44, No.4, 2008, pp.461-477.
Persson, P.A. and Chiapetta, R.F., "Shock Waves and Detonations, Explosive Performance", Ch.4, Proceedings of NIXT94-Pretoria, 1994, pp.517-566.
Coleburn, N.L., "Chapman-Jouget Pressure of Several Pure and Mixed Explosive", NOLTR-64-58, 25 June 1964.
Yadav, H.S. and Kamath, P.V., "Shock Velocity Measurement in Water by Sulfur Probes", Propellant, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol.11, 1986, pp.150-154.
Cooper, P.W., "Comments on TNT Equivalence", 20th International Pyrotechnics Seminar, Colorado Spring, Colorado, July 24-29, 1994.
Weinheimer, R., "Properties of Selected High Explosives", 2015. http://www.psemc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Properties-Selected-High-Explosives.pdf
Smith, L.C., "On Brisance, and a Plate Denting Test for the Estimation of Detonation Pressure", Explosivestoffe, Vol.5, 1967, pp.106-110.
Ralph Kent., "Cast PBX B2238 for Small Calibre High Performance Insensitive Munitions", Propellant, Explosives Pyrotechnics, Vol. 22, Issue 2, April 1997, pp. 65-70.
Jing, P. Lu., "Evaluation of the Thermochemical Code - Cheetah 2.0 for Modelling Explosives Performance", Weapons Systems Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, DSTO-TR-1199, August, 2001.
Hall, T.N. and Holden, J.R., "Navy Explosives Handbook, Explosion Effects and Properties - Part III. Properties of Explosives and Explosive Compositions", Research and Technology Department, NSWC MP 88-116, October 1988.
Zhous, Z.Q., Nie, J.X., Ou, Z.C., Qin, J.F. and Jiao, Q.J., "Effects of the Aluminium Content on the Shock Wave Pressure and the Acceleration Ability of RDX-based Aluminized Explosives", Journal of Applied Physics, 116, 2014, 144906.
Vadhe, P.P., Gogai, H.K., Suresh, M., Rahujade, N.H., Prasad, U.S., Sinha, R.K. and Murthy, K.P.S., "Effect of Tungsten Content on Metal Acceleration Properties of Polymer Bonded Explosive Formulations", 11th International High Energy Materials Conference and Exhibits, HEMCE-2017, November 23-25, India, 2017.
Vinay Prakash., Phadke, V. K., Sinha, R. K. and Singh, H., "Influence of Al on Performance of HTPB Based Aluminised PBXs", Defense Science Journal, Vol.54, No.4, 2004, pp.475- 482.
Matsumoto, N., Sakata, N., Natsubori, M. and Miyoshi, H., "Characterization of Plastic Bonded Explosives Containing NTO Using KHT Code and Explosion Tests", Proc. 25th International Conference, ICT, 1994, pp.39/1-39/10.
Kamlet, M.J. and Jacobs, S.J., "Chemistry of Detonations I. A Simple Method Calculating Detonation Properties of C-H-N-O explosives", Journal of Chem. Phys., Vol.48, Issue 1, 1968, pp.23-35.
Cook, M.A., "The Science of High Explosives, American Chemical Society Monograph Series", Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, USA, 1958, ISBN 9780278922839.
Keshavarz, M.H., Mofrad, R.T., Poor, K.E., Shokrollahi Zali, A. and Yousefi, M.H., "Determination of Performance of Non-ideal Aluminized Explosives", Journal of Hazardous Materials, A137, 2006, pp.83-87.
Lu, J.P., Dorsett, H.E., Franson, M.D. and Cliff, M.D., "Near-field Performance Evaluation of Alex Effect in Metallised Explosives", DSTO-TR-1542, DSTO Systems Sciences Laboratory, Australia, 2003.
Vadhe, P.P., Suresh, M., Rahujade, N., Kondra, A., Prasad, U.S. and Sinha, R.K., "Studies on Tungsten Based High Density Cast Polymer Bonded Explosive (PBX) Formulations", Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol.12, No.3, 2015, pp.497-506.
Tingen, W., Derun, L. and Junpei, X., "Detonation Pressure Analysis of CHNO Explosives", Proceedings of the 3rd Beijing International Symposium on Pyrotechnics and Explosives, 1995, pp.426-431.
Zhang, Q. and Chang, Y., "Prediction of Detonation Pressure and Velocity of Explosives with Micrometer Aluminium Powders", Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol.9, No.1, 2012, pp.77-86.
Niles, J., Nicolich, S., Williamson, B., Doll, D., Rasmussen, N., Bradley, S. and Bracken, L., "Mitigating Shaped Charge Jet Impact", International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion, 01/2007, 6 (3), pp.323-333. doi:10.1615/Int. J. Energetic Materials Chem Prop.v6.i3.40.
Niles, J., Nicolich, S., Williamson, B., Daniel, D., Rasmussen, N., Bradley, S. and Bracken, L., "Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Symposium", Event No.5550, November 14-17, 2004, Hilton, San Francisco, USA. http://proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/niles.pdf
Capellos, C., Baker, E.L., Nicolich, S., Balas, W., Pincay, J. and Stiel, L.I., "Eigenvalue Detonation of Combined Effects Aluminized Explosives", AIP Conference Proceedings 955, 2007, pp.357-360. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2833055